“Right of Return”

By Wil Lofland

What is a refugee?

“A refugee is a person seeking asylum in a foreign country in order to escape persecution, war, terrorism, extreme poverty, famines and natural disasters.  Some regional legal instruments further include those seeking to escape generalized violence in the definition of refugee.  Those who desire refugee status are sometimes known as asylum seekers and the practice of accepting such refugees that of offering political asylum.  The most common asylum claims to industrialized countries are based upon political and religious grounds.  According to the 1951 UN Convention Relating to the Status of Refugees, ‘a refugee is a person who owing to a well founded fear of being persecuted for reasons of race, religion, nationality, membership of a particular social group, or political opinion, is outside the country of their nationality and is unable to or, owing to such fear, is unwilling to avail him/herself of the protection of that country .’  The concept of a refugee was expanded by the Conventions’ of 1967 Protocol and by regional conventions in Latin America and Africa to include persons who had fled war or other violence in their home country.”[1]

In this same article the definition of a Palestinian Refugee Camps is defined.  “…Palestinian Refugees are persons whose normal place of residence was Palestine between June of 1946 and May of 1948, who lost both their homes and means of livelihood as a result of the 1948 Arab-Israeli conflict.”[2]

In 2005 there existed:

-          8 camps in Gaza with 478,854 refugees

-          10 camps in Jordan with 304,430 refugees

-          12 camps in Lebanon with 225,125 refugees

-          10 camps in Syria with 119,776 refugees

-          19 camps on the West Bank with 176,514 refugees

Two things should immediately get your attention.  There exist two refugee camps within the State of Palestine, Gaza and the West Bank.  So if we accept the original fact that a refugee flees/leaves his/her country of origin, how can refugee camps exist in his/her own country?.  The answer is simple they are referred to as displaced persons.

So the difference between a displaced person and a refugee is obvious.  A displaced person never does or has the opportunity to leave their homeland.  A refugee has left and sought asylum in another country.

When it comes to Palestine refugees and displaced persons some striking facts come to light.  According to the Government of Israel no Palestine refugee is ever allowed to return to their homeland.  The internally displaced person, including Bedouins, number 665,000 living in camps alone. So the Israeli Government has created permanent separation among the Palestinian people.

What is a citizen?

“A native or naturalized member of a state or nation who owes allegiance to its government and is entitled to its protection.”[3]

“1) an inhabitant of a city or town; especially: one entitled to the rights and privileges of a freeman

2) a member of a state: a native or naturalized person who owes allegiance to a government and is entitled to protection from it.

3) a civilian as distinguished from a special servant of the state.”[4]

What is naturalized?

“1) To grant full citizenship to (one of foreign birth).

2) To adopt (something foreign) into general use.

3) To adopt or acclimate to a new environment; introduce or establish as native.

4) To cause to conform to nature.” [5]

“…investing an alien with the rights and privileges of a native or citizen”. [6]

On Population Growth

“Within Israel, Arabs are an increasingly portion of the population.  The Arab population doubled over the past 20 years, reaching 2.3 million in 2001.  The Jewish population grew from under 3.3 million to 5 million, a 67% increase due primarily to immigration

In the 1990’s nearly one million Jews immigrated to Israel, a large majority from the former Soviet Union.  In 1996, just over 60% of the Israeli population was Israeli Born.  Israel continues to encourage immigration; it is expected about 45,000 in 2001.”[7]

So in conclusion we can draw from this, the State of Israel relies on the import business of citizens of other countries to become “naturalized.”  If 40% of your population comes from outside your country to maintain statehood you have a very un-indigenous state.  So the question becomes what is it to be an Israeli? If it is citizenship then we have 60% of Israeli Jews, Israeli Arabs and Israeli Christians.  The other 40% as a result of their Jewish faith are “naturalized” Israelis.

Query up any search engine and ask”What does it mean to be Jewish?” One of the best sites I found was “The Society for Humanistic Judaism.” It discussed what it means as a result of the 1988 Second Biennial Conference in Brussels.         

http://www.shj.org/mean.htm.

It affirms in Article 5 section e “Participating in the work of the wider Jewish community and defending the human rights of people everywhere.”

I also found another interesting article from the Jewish Journal.com, titled “Making sense of today’s Jewish Germany.

http://www.jewishjournal.com/home/preview.php?id=17319

A quote from here peaks my interest. “German immigration laws favoring the entry of Jews, as well as the various levels of local and federal government support (of a kind that would be wholly unthinkable to us) have enabled the development of a wide range of community institutions from synagogues to museums.”

Therefore it is safe to conclude the State of Israel is less than 50% true Israeli using the “native” definition of citizen.  Also not only Israel but other countries are calling for Jewish people to immigrate and form Jewish communities not in Israel.  So being Jewish has nothing to do with being Israeli.

So in 1947 they were Palestinians but in 1948 they become refugees and displaced persons.  To this day nothing has changed.  The Government of Israel in its Declaration of 1948 forgot to include ethnic cleansing of all Palestinians from the State of Israel and to take all the land they see as theirs.

How does the State of Israel make this possible?  It is called the “Right of Return.”  As you will see in the definition and the website, Israel encourages the immigration of Jews worldwide yet will not let a single Palestinian exile or displaced person return.

Wikipedia on the Right of Return:

“The term Right of Return refers to the principle in international law that members of an ethnic or national group have the right to immigration and naturalization into the country that they, the destination country, or both consider to be that groups homeland, independent of prior personal citizenship in that country.  This belief is sometimes reflected in special consideration in a country’s immigration laws (called repatrition) which facilitate or encourage reunion of a diaspora or dispersed ethnic population.”[8]

Go to http://www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org/jsource/Peace/refreturn.html

Understand how the Government of Israel has used rhetoric to keep the Palestinians from returning and claiming what is rightfully theirs.  Prime Minister Olmert as recently as the Saudi Conference refused to recognize the Right of Return.

”…a senior European diplomatic source, the prime minister made it clear that Israel’s red line in the Saudi initiative and initiatives of other moderate Arab countries, was the implementation of the Palestinian refugees Right to Return.”[9]

So the Government of Israel, for the salvation of its own existence, has not, nor never will allow the Palestinians to return to their homeland. How does Israel protect itself from this threat?  Why of course the Israel Occupational Force (IOF), the SS of Israel.  For the year 2007 alone for IOF/Palestinian interactions go to: http://www.palestinecampaign.org/archives.asp?list=107

See how Israel defends human rights as it said it would in 1988 in Brussels, as it says in its Declaration of 1948.  The State/Government of Israel is one giant hypocrisy.

Instead of citing various individual human rights violations, which occur hourly to the Palestinians, websites will be used as validations.

1)      “International Law, Israel and Palestine” http://www.ifamericansknew.org/cur_sit/law-articles.htm

2)      “Emergency Services (ER) and Ambulances in Ministry of Health (MOH)” http://www.moh.gov.ps/index.asp?deptid=0&pranchid=157&action+details&serial=1627

3)      “PCHR Position Paper on the Decision to Stop International Aid to the PNA” http://www.pchrgaza.ps/Interventions/possible_april_06.htm

4)      “Palestine-People under occupation” http://www.williamboyles.info/isrl-pal/2006/02/06underoccupation_040206.html

5)      “Yellow stars of David against Israeli genocidal politics” http://www.redress.btinternet.co.uk/selam.htm

6)      “Israel bars Palestinians from entering Ramallah”  http://www.islamonline.com/egi-bin/news_service/middle_east_full_story.asp?service_id=13079

7)      “The Disengaged: Gaza and the Fragmentation of Palestinian Nationhood” http://www.zmag.org/content/showarticle.cfm?ItemID=7739

If one has taken the time to read these sites in their entirety it is easy to see IOF is not only Israel’s SS it is also their Gestapo.  Their range of operation goes as far as Britain.

“Israeli Checkpoints at British University´ http://www.chesterandnorthwalesfop.co.uk/

The IOF, in accordance with respect for human rights, also demolishes Palestinian homes, controls their electricity and water allotments and establishes checkpoints.  All of these are done under the guise of security for the State of Israel.  Oh by the way the “Wall” keeps expanding!

1)      “Gaza Strip” http://nireland.humanists.net/docs/article22.doc

2)      “Political Affairs Magazine Israeli Military Attacks in …” http://www.politicalaffairs.net/articles/view/3730/1/94

3)      “Report on Israel’s Violations of Palestine Civilians’” http://www.hic-mena.org/documents/Joint%20stmt%2006rev.doc.

4)      “58^th Health Assembly-Health conditions in the OPT” http://domino.un.org/unispal.nsf/85255db800470aa485255d8b004e349a/6f4a2cd3fc2b6ee8525700d006cedic!OpenDocument

5)      “All in a days work for a Mythical Democracy” http://www.fromoccupiedpalestine.org/node/157

Let us finally examine the conditions of the camps the displaced/refugees lives as a result of the afore mentioned IOF human rights practices

1)      “Palestinian Refugees-Statistics-Housing Conditions” http://www.badil.org/Statistics/Housing/statistics.htm

2)      “Environmental Conditions in Palestinian Camps in Lebanon” http://www.arts.mcgill.ca/mepp/new_prrn/research/papers/zeidan.htm

3)      “Photostory: Palestinian refugees, Wavel” http://electronicintifada.net/v2/article3267.shtml

Jewish historians are beginning to realize the gross inequity that occurred in 1948 and the Political Scientists are seeing the results.  While the government of Israel still holds to the policy of ethnic cleansing, a movement has begun to rectify the matter.  This movement is the first fracture in Israeli political thinking since the conception of the State of Israel in 1948. The following article is an optimistic dream of cooperation and peaceful resolution.   

“Association for One Democratic State in Palestine/Israel” http://www.one-democratic-state.org/articles/abuinimah.html

A pessimistic point of view for unity and peace should also be considered.

“Hollow Vision of Palestine’s Future” http://www.antiwar.com/orig/cook.php?articleid=10029

.

Two things we can be certain of: first, Israel cannot allow or recognize the return of Palestinians as citizens for they will automatically make themselves a very, very small minority in “their” own State. Second, when history is written, the Israeli handling of the Palestinians will be directly compared to the Holocaust in Nazi Germany in the 1930’s and 40’s, in a 21^st century style.  Israel must accept one simple fact; the Palestinians will not go away.  In fact they have a very delicate young democracy.

Time will be the judge and it will prove the Government of Israel must change its policy regarding the Palestinians.  When the refugees and displaced people become citizens and are granted all the rights they are entitled to.  Then and only then will Israel be free of the historic monster it has created.

Bibliography

1)      http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Refugee

2)      Ibid

3)      http://clerckkids.house.gov/glossary/define.htm1?1word=Citizen

4)      http://www.m-w.com/dictionary/citizen

5)      http://www.thefreedictionary.com/naturalization

6)      http://www.answers.com/topic/naturalization

7)      http://www.prcdc.org/summaries/palestineisrael/palestineisrael.html

8)      http://en.wkipedia.org/wiki/Right_of_return

9)      http://www.ynetnews.com/articles/0,7340,L-337.5218,00.html

The Palestinian

By Pagan Lofland

            First it is necessary to define three key words in reference to this article.

1)                          Colonialism: “A policy by which a nation maintains or extends its control over foreign dependencies…” “Control by one power over a dependent area or people. The purpose of colonialism include exploitation of the colony’s natural resources, creation of new markets by the colonizer, and extension of the colonizer’s way of life beyond its national borders.” [1]

2)                          State: “A territory built by conquest in which culture, one set of ideals and one set of laws have been imposed by force or threat over diverse nations by a civilian and military bureaucracy. States are ephemeral and originate and disappear with the stroke of a pen.” [2]

3)                          Nation: “The term nation is often used as a synonym for ethnic group (sometimes “ethnos”), but although ethnicity is now one of the most important aspects of culture or social identity for the members of most nations, people with the same ethnic origins may live in  different nation-states and be treated as members of a separate nation for that reason. National identity is often disputed, down to the level of the individual.” [3]

Please review the following two websites before continuing

1)                  http://www.thercg.org/articles/patp.hmtl, “Palestine and the Palestinians.”

2)                  http://www.masada2000.org/historical.html, “History of Israel and ‘Palestine’.”

Let us now reexamine history with many of the facts “overlooked “by these two articles. Also to explore the contradictions that not only exist within these articles but showing they are historically tainted.

Hovevei Zion ( Hibbat Zion), English translation, “Those who are Fond of Zion.” This group was established in the early 1800’s to promote immigration

(colonization) of the “Land of Israel.” Let us remember the Ottoman Empire was in control of what is currently referred to as the Middle East.  In 1882 they established the first colony within the borders of the Ottoman Empire, Rishon LeZion. In 1884, Rabbi Samuel Mohilever was elected president of Hovevei Zion by 34 delegates.

The nature of Hovevei Zion was economic.  Its purpose was to gain economic  aide wherever possible to support Jewish migration.

In 1890, “The Odessa Committee” was formed as a result of the May Laws introduced by Tsar Alexander III of Russia.  In 1890 and 1891 it helped to establish Rehovot and Hadeea as colonial agricultural communities within the Ottoman Empire.

In 1896, Theodor Herzl, published his infamous work “Der Judenstaat”, in Berlin and Vienna.  It sought to find an independent Jewish state for refugees (colonist) to avoid the growing anti-Semitic movement in Europe.  He goes so far as to suggest the state of Argentina as a possible location.

He was and is strongly attacked by Zionist for searching for non-Palestinian settlements. He is however given credit for creating the political term Zionism.

The term Zionism derives its name from Mt Zion, a symbol of the Jewish homeland in Palestine since the captivity by Babylon in the 6^th century BC.

In 1897the First Zionist Congress was held to unify the separate European Zionist factions. This was the first world attention brought to the Jewish Community problems in Europe, not Israel.

It would thus seem possible to conclude that the Ten Tribes of Israel never got lost.  They emigrated from the land and became citizens of the various states we now call Europe. It is most important to realize they assimilated to and became citizens of these countries.

All factions of current day Zionism exist to maintain, at any cost, the colony of Israel. For if the first article is correct God created Israel not man.  The  belief that God created Israel or made George Bush president goes against all political theories the formation of nations, states and governments.

The Declaration of the Establishment of the State (colony) of Israel took place on May 14, 1948.  It opens in Hebrew-[“Eretz-Israel”-“The land of Israel Palestine.”] This statement alone totally invalidates the article “Palestine and the Palestinian”. For in its opening remark the Declaration recognizes Palestine.

“Here they (Israel) first attained statehood, created cultural values of national and universal significance and gave to the world the eternal Book of Books”. [4]

Here we see people not God creating the (colony) State of Israel, further disproving “Palestine and the Palestinian.”

“In the year 5657 (1897) at the summons of the spiritual father of the Jewish State, Theodore Herzl, the first Zionist Congress convened and proclaimed the right of the Jewish people to national rebirth in its own country.’ [5]

Let us not forget, Herzl, in his work “Der Judenstaat”, went as far as Argentina for the establishment of this new state. So if we apply this to the above statement the national rebirth could have been in Argentina instead of the Middle East.

“This right was recognized in the Balfour Declaration of Nov. 2, 1917 and re-affirmed in the Mandate of the League of Nations which, in particular, gave international sanctions to the historic connection between the Jewish people and Eretz-Israel and to the right of the Jewish people to rebuild its homeland.”[6]

What we can conclude from the last 2 quotes of the Declaration is that the Zionist are the spokespeople of the Jewish community. 

“The State of Israel, will be open for Jewish immigration… it will foster the development of the country for the benefits of all of its inhabitants: it will be based on freedom, justice and peace as envisaged by the prophets of Israel: it will ensure complete equality of social and political rights to all its inhabitants irrespective of religion, race or sex: it will guarantee freedom of religion, conscience, language, education and culture: it will safeguard Holy Places of all religions: it will be faithful to the principals of the Charter of the United Nations.” [7]

Let us examine this portion of the Declaration. “…it will foster the development of the country for the benefit of ALL its inhabitants… as envisaged by the prophets of Israel.” By enhancing development based on the prophets of Israel the Declaration automatically excludes any other influences in development (i.e. the Muslim nature of the Palestinians).  To say it another way Israel will be developed on Israeli terms.

“ We appeal-in the very midst of the onslaught launched against us now for months-to the Arab inhabitants of the State of Israel to preserve peace and participate in the upbuilding of the State on the basis of full and equal citizenship and due representation in all its provincial and permanent institutions…..

The State of Israel is prepared to do its share in a common effort for the advancement of the entire Middle East.”[8]

In the latter part of this article it will be shown how Israel has violated its Declaration of State.                                                                                                             The most interesting factor for the US recognition of the State of Israel plays out to the present day.

1948 was an election year and Truman was locked in a tight race with Dewey. Clark Clifford, chief advisor to Truman, pushed for him to support the UN recognition of the State of Israel. You may be wondering why?  The answer lies in the knowledge that the Jewish vote in America was far superior in number to that of the Palestinians. As power always dictate, gather the pieces that will give you the power.  Truman opted for the Jewish vote to gain the White House.

For the record, Secretary of State, George Marshall was opposed to this train of political thought by foreseeing the complications involved with the creation of the State of Israel. Thus with blessings of Truman and the United Nations, The State of Israel was born.

From the Jewish Virtual Library I would like to cite certain articles of “THE ORIGINAL PALESTINE NATIONAL CHARTER.”

Article 2. Palestine with its boundaries at the time of the British Mandate is a regional indivisible unit.

Article 6. The Palestinians are those Arab citizens who were living normally up to 1947, whether they remained or were expelled.

Article 15. The liberation of Palestine, from a spiritual point of view, prepares for the Holy Land, an atmosphere of tranquility and peace, in which all the Holy Places will be safeguarded, and the free worship and visit to all will be guaranteed, without any discrimination of race, colour, tongue or religion.  For all this, the Palestinian people look forward to the support of all spiritual forces in the world.

Article 18. The Balfour Declaration, the Mandate system and all that has been based upon them are considered fraud… Judaism because it is a divine religion is not a nationality with independent existence.  Further more the Jews are not one people with an independent personality because they are citizens of the countries to which they belong.

Article 22. The people of Palestine believe in a peaceful coexistence on the basis of legal existence for there can be no coexistence with aggression, nor can there be peace with occupation and colonialism. [10]

From Wikipedia:

         “A Declaration of a ‘State of Palestine’ was proclaimed in Algiers on Nov. 15, 1988 by the Palestinian National Council, the legislative body of the PLO.  The declared ‘State of Palestine’ is not and never has been an independent state, as it has never had sovereignty over any territory.”[11]

Many argue the right for Palestine to exist as a State is legitimate.  They base   their arguments on the following:

“1) the people   Palestine are a permanent population as their families inhabited Palestine long before the State of Israel was created.

2) that the territorial boundaries of Palestine have been defined in several different ways ranging from declarations to legally binding UN Security Council resolutions such as UNSCR 242.

3) that the PNA is the government of Palestine and is recognized as such by more than half the countries of the world.

4) that the Palestinian’s ability to enter into foreign relations with other states is evidenced by its having done so with more than half the world.”[12]

The UN’s recognition of the colonial movement of the Zionist into a state by nature created problems the world still chooses to ignore.  The Palestinian becomes a refugee from his own country.  According to the UN the Jewish people were to be the ruling body in the state of Israel yet they represented only one half of the population and owned less than 10% of the land.  The Zionist had claimed a great victory at the expense of the Palestinians.  However the Zionists were not happy and to this day remain so.

In 1948 Menachem Begin claimed the partition was unacceptable.  Jerusalem was to be the state capitol and all the land would be restored to the people of Israel forever.

In 1948 approximately 700,000 Palestinians fled as a result of “conflict” between the Arab states and Israel.  Most of the conflict was fought in the Palestine state.  Israeli propaganda said the Palestinians who fled was a “self inspired exodus.”

In 1948 the UN partitioned the land of Palestine and created the state of Israel. Why then did it not create the state of Palestine at the same time? As a result of the 1948 conflict Israel occupied much of the partitioned land of Palestine. So in the same year of its creation the Zionists moved to accomplish their fundamental mission.  To ethnically cleanse the nation they understood to be Israel of ALL Palestinians.

In 1949 after failing the Palestinians in 1948 the UN acted.  It created the United Nations Relief and Works Administration, UNRWA.  To this day this organization is still bringing relief to a deteriorating Palestine condition.

The War of ’67 made conditions for the Palestinians worse.  Israel maintained possession of all territories it occupied. As a result of this war:

“Israel confiscated 52% of the land of the West Bank and 30% of the Gaza Strip for use by the military or for settlement of Jewish civilians…From 1967 to 1982, Israeli’s military government demolished more than 1,338 Palestinian homes on the West Bank.  Over this period, more than 300,000 Palestinians were detained without trial for various periods by Israeli security forces.”[13]

Even though these actions violated Article 49 of the Geneva Convention which states, “The occupying power shall not deport or transfer parts of its own civilian population into territories it occupies”, the World stood by and did nothing.

         For further information on the Israeli Defense Force (IDF) use of home demolition as a means of creating a greater number of Palestinian refugees go to http://www.endtheoccupation.org and research an article titled “The Caterpillar Campaign.

         Israel does not have a Constitution because by its nature it cannot.  All of the acts that have taken place, past, present and future will continue to take place as the world chooses to ignore it. As for the Palestinians these acts should be deemed unconstitutional and null and void.

         Since 1948, the Israeli government has proven it does not want peace for the territory; instead it wants the expulsion of all Palestinians from what it defines as Israel at all costs.  Israel wants peace on its terms and its terms alone.  Isn’t ironic that this attitude is the same attitude displayed by Hitler’s treatment of the Jewish population in Nazi Germany?

To help justify this point even further consider this.  Up to the year 1993 Israel has openly ignored 66 UN Resolutions concerning the Palestinian refugee problem.  The US vetoed an additional 26 resolutions at the Security Council level or the number would have been 95.

From this it should be clear that the government of Israel has violated it s Declaration of Statehood since its inception.  It seems only once Israel has completely removed the Palestinians from what it chooses to call Israel will there be peace. 

I don’t believe the average Jew is anti-Palestinian nor the average Palestinian anti-Jew.  I do believe Zionism is a different word for terrorism and has been part of the Israeli government since 1948

Please review the following sites/articles:

On the state of the Palestinians

1)      “This Damned Racist Wall” http://www.palestinereport.org/article.php?article=398

2)      “Behind The Wall- We Won’t Accept No Thought Control” http://by139fd.bay139.hotmail.msn.com/cgi-bin/getmsg?msg=7AFDFD2D-642C-4588-A1

  On the Humanitarian Conditions of the Palestinians

1)      UNRWA Geneva Conference 2004

“Meeting the Humanitarian Needs of the Palestine Refugees in the Near East” Working Group III

“Promoting the Socio-Economic Development of the Palestine Refugees” 11 May 2004

2)      “Situation of Palestine Refugees”              http://www.un.org/News/Press/docs/2006/gaspd359.doc.htm

3)      “UNRWA Emergency Appeal 2007” http://www.reliefweb.int/rw/rwb.nsf/db900SID/EEVOD-6WLKHY?OpenDocument

4)      “DOHA Seminar on Assistance to Palestine People” http://domino.un.org/unispal.NSF/eed21640b650bf6485256ce10072f637/0b188c3cbd32393

On Possible Political Solutions

1)      “UN Palestine Refugee Agency Chief Says Deplorable Conditions         Needs a Political Solution” http://www.relief.int/rw/RWB.NSF/DB900SID/LZEG-6V6REJ?OpenDocument

2)      “Israelis and Palestinians Should Ponder land for refugees” http://www.dailystar.com.lb/article.asp?addition_id=10&categ_9=5&article_id=80056

3)      “Palestinian Factions Delay Submitting Cabinet List” http://www.alertnet.org/printable.htm?URL/thenews/newsdesk/L02198472.htm

            On The US

1)      “Dems Disdain for Palestine” http://www.tompaine.com/articles/2007/02/20/dems_disdain_for_palestine.php

2)      From: “Agence France Presse(AFP)” via “Lebanon’s Daily Star”: “A delegation headed by the Bank of Israel chief Stanley Fischer left Tel Aviv overnight for Washington to negotiate a new Deal to fix the amount of annual military aide from the US for Israel for the next decade.  Israeli officials are also hoping for extra aide to compensate for the cost of last summer’s 34 day Lebanon war and the withdrawal from Gaza in August-September 2005.”  This claim was made by Miri Ersin to the AFP.

One final note, to prove there is no “Z” in Jewish read “The Origins of the Palestine/Israel Conflict.” It was compiled, edited and published by Jews for Justice in the Middle East. http://www.ifamericansknew.org/history/origin.html

Bibliography

1.      http://www.answers.com/topic/colonialism

2.      http://www.cwis.org/state.html

3.      http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nation

4.      http://www.mfa.gov.il/MFA/Peace+Process/Guide+two+the+Peace+Process/Declaration+of+

5.      Ibid

6.      Ibid

7.      Ibid

8.      Ibid

9.      http://www.trumanlibrary.org/htmlhst/hihtm

10.  http://www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org/jsource/Peace/cove1.html

11.  http://www.wikipedia.org/wiki/State_of_Palestine

12.  IbidIntifada: The Palestinian “Uprising Against Israeli Occupation”, ed. Lockmen and Beinin